Betaine and Carnitine Derivatives as Herbicidal Ionic Liquids

This study focused on the synthesis and subsequent characterization of herbicidal ionic liquids based on betaine and carnitine, two derivatives of amino acids, which were used as cations. Four commonly used herbicides (2,4‐D, MCPA, MCPP and Dicamba) were used as anions in simple (single anion) and oligomeric (two anions) salts. The obtained salts were subjected to analyzes regarding physicochemical properties (density, viscosity, refractive index, thermal decomposition profiles and solubility) as well as evaluation of their herbicidal activity under greenhouse and field conditions, toxicity towards rats and biodegradability. The obtained results suggest that the synthesized herbicidal ionic liquids displayed low toxicity (classified as category 4 compounds) and showed similar or improved efficacy against weed compared to reference herbicides. The highest increase was observed during field trials for salts containing 2,4‐D as the anion, which also exhibited the highest biodegradability (>75 %).     

Chemical characterisation of bioactive compounds in Medicago sativa growing in the desert of Oman

Medicago sativa Linn growing in Omani desert were chemically characterised using flame photometry, inductively coupled plasma, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. HPLC analyses were performed to determine the phenolics and flavonoids present in M. sativa. The major compounds detected in M. sativa leaves were protchaechenic acid (3.22%), hydroxyl benzoic acid (1.05%), β-Phenyl caffate (0.97%) and kaempherol (0.89%). Pterostilbene, a cholesterol-lowering compound, was detected in M. sativa.     

Dynamic materials derived from biobased furans: towards the ‘sleeping giant’ awakening

This focus article presents the author’s view on the problems in the development of biorefining strategies based on the use of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), the key product derived from renewable plant biomass that was recognized as the ‘sleeping giant’ of the sustainable chemistry. The several key problems that hinder the large-scale production of HMF and its applicability in the laboratory organic synthesis and industry are discussed. This minireview is also focused on the development of the dynamic cross-linked polymers with controlled three-dimensional structure based on Diels–Alder reaction of biobased HMF-derived furans with maleimides. Realization of scalable technologies for an efficient production of such ‘smart’ analogues of the traditional petrochemical-based materials could be the basis for the realization of the competitive HMF-promoted biorefining.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定水中25种挥发性有机物及其在污水厂应急溯源中的应用

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定水中25种挥发性有机物的含量,并研究了其在污水厂应急溯源中的应用。25种挥发性有机物在一定的质量浓度范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3.143s)在0.6~5.0μg·L-1之间。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率在91.6%~102%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.7%~4.6%之间。在一起污水厂冲击案例中,通过污水管网采样及污水样品分析,确定污染因子二氯甲烷,并根据二氯甲烷浓度变化快速锁定污染源头,确保污水厂出口水质达标。     

植物酯酶应用于有机磷农药残留分析技术的研究进展

有机磷农药残留在食品中,进入人体危害人类健康.因此,快速而灵敏的检测技术是预防农药残留危害的前提条件.而酶抑制技术正是一项快速检验技术.本文作者介绍了农药残留分析的现状,详细分析了植物酯酶应用于农药残留分析技术的研究进展.     

Proteome profile of salt gland‐rich epidermis extracted from a salt‐tolerant tree species

Preparation of proteins from salt‐gland‐rich tissues of mangrove plant is necessary for a systematic study of proteins involved in the plant's unique desalination mechanism. Extraction of high‐quality proteins from the leaves of mangrove tree species, however, is difficult due to the presence of high levels of endogenous phenolic compounds. In our study, preparation of proteins from only a part of the leaf tissues (i.e. salt gland‐rich epidermal layers) was required, rendering extraction even more challenging. By comparing several extraction methods, we developed a reliable procedure for obtaining proteins from salt gland‐rich tissues of the mangrove species Avicennia officinalis. Protein extraction was markedly improved using a phenol‐based extraction method. Greater resolution 1D protein gel profiles could be obtained. More promising proteome profiles could be obtained through 1D‐LC‐MS/MS. The number of proteins detected was twice as much as compared to TUTS extraction method. Focusing on proteins that were solely present in each extraction method, phenol‐based extracts contained nearly ten times more proteins than those in the extracts without using phenol. The approach could thus be applied for downstream high‐throughput proteomic analyses involving LC‐MS/MS or equivalent. The proteomics data presented herein are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001691.     

基于非靶向代谢组学的茄梨和红茄梨成熟期果皮代谢产物的差异分析

为了探究西洋梨品种茄梨及其红色芽变红茄梨成熟期果皮代谢产物差异,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术,对茄梨和红茄梨成熟期果皮进行非靶向代谢组学研究。通过主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析,构建了多变量统计分析模型,结合模型和变量重要性投影与最大差异倍数值,基于精确质量数、二级碎片以及同位素分布,使用PMDB(Plant Metabolome Database)数据库进行定性,筛选并鉴定出茄梨和红茄梨果皮中显著性变化(P<0.05, VIP(variable importance in project)≥1)的差异代谢物有83种,主要包括酚酸类、黄酮类和氨基酸类物质,涉及类黄酮代谢、氨基酸代谢、苯丙烷类代谢等代谢途径,其中53种物质含量上调,30种物质表达下调。通过KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)数据库进一步对差异代谢物质进行通路富集分析,差异代谢物主要分布在20条代谢途径中,P<0.05的代谢途径有6条,分别是类黄酮生物合成、黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成、苯丙烷生物合成、丁酸酯代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、酪氨酸代谢。这些差异代谢物的变化可能是导致茄梨和红茄梨果皮色泽不同的原因。该研究从植物代谢组学角度初步揭示了茄梨和红茄梨成熟期果皮的代谢产物差异性。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定牛组织中三氮脒和氯化氮氨菲啶残留

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱同时检测牛组织中三氮脒(DIM)和氯化氮氨菲啶(ISM)残留的分析方法。针对不同的组织样品采用不同比例的水-乙腈溶液提取药物,结合Oasis WCX固相萃取小柱净化富集。采用Spherisorb CN柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)对药物进行分离,以乙腈和0.05 mol/L甲酸铵溶液(pH 2.4)为流动相,梯度洗脱,紫外检测波长为380 nm。牛组织中DIM和ISM的检出限(S/N≥3)为0.01 mg/kg,定量限(S/N≥10)为0.025 mg/kg。牛组织中DIM和ISM在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 3)。DIM和ISM在低、中、高添加水平下的回收率为82.2%~97.6%,日内精密度和日间精密度分别为0.3%~5.2%(n=5)和1.3%~5.2%(n=15)。结果表明,建立的方法重复性好,灵敏度高,操作简便,适用于牛组织中DIM和ISM的残留检测。     

鱼组织中双去甲氧基姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素和姜黄素含量的超高效液相色谱法测定

建立了黄颡鱼、团头鲂和草鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中双去甲氧基姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素和姜黄素同时测定的超高效液相色谱紫外检测法(UPLC-UV)。样品经乙腈(含0.01%乙酸)提取,无水硫酸钠除水,正己烷去脂等样品处理,在ACQUIT UPLC BEH C18色谱柱上分离,428 nm波长处测定。双去甲氧基姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素和姜黄素在0.01~5.00 mg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r2)分别为0.998 7,0.999 8和0.999 6。在空白鱼组织中进行0.025,0.05,0.50,1.00 mg/kg 4个水平的加标回收实验,3种待测组分的平均回收率为64.7%~102.2%,相对标准偏差为0.69%~10.8%。鱼组织中3种待测组分的检出限(LOD)均为0.010 mg/kg,定量下限(LOQ)均为0.025 mg/kg。应用该方法研究了姜黄素在团头鲂体内的药代动力学规律。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定植物中钾、钠、钙和镁

采用硝酸–高氯酸湿法消解或硝酸–双氧水微波消解植物样品,以电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定样品溶液中钾、钠、钙和镁含量。用该法测定灌木枝叶和茶叶标准样品,测定值均在标准值范围内,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.45%~4.05%(n=8)。钾、钠、钙、镁的加标回收率分别为94.4%~107.6%,92.6%~107.9%,93.7%~105.4%,92.9%~107.2%。该方法操作简便,测量精密度和准确度完全满足植物中钾、钠、钙和镁含量的测定要求。